References

References

 

Header Image

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolavirus#mediaviewer/File:Ebola_virus_virion.jpg Date accessed: 29/11/2014. Copyright: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ebola_virus_virion.jpg

The following list contains each of the references sorted by their relevant section.

Epidemiology
  1. Johnson KM, Lange JV, Webb PA, Murphy FA. Isolation and partial characterisation of a new virus causing acute haemorrhagic fever in Zaire. The Lancet 1977; 309(8011): 569-571. (Primary Research Article)
  2. World Health Organisation. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1978; 56(2): 247-270. (Case Report)
  3. World Health Organisation. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1978; 56(2): 247-270. (Case Report)
  4. McCormick JB, Bauer SP, Elliott LH, Webb PA, Johnson KM. Biologic differences between strains of Ebola virus from Zaire and Sudan. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1983; 147(2): 264-267. (Primary Research Article)
  5. Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Johnson ED, Peters CJ, Dalgard DW, Hall WC. Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA. The Lancet 1990; 335(8688), 502-505. (Case Report)
  6. Formenty P, Hatz C, Le Guenno B, Stoll A, Rogenmoser P, Widmer A. Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Cote d’Ivoire: clinical and biologic presentation. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999; 179(Supplement 1), S48-S53. (Case Report)
  • This paper documents the clinical course of Ebola in an infected individual in great detail. It records the symptoms experienced by the patient on each particular day, as well as any interventions used and the results of physical and laboratory tests. However, the report only comments on one patient with Ebola, and so their reaction to the virus may not be indicative of the response of others to the virus.
  1. Peters CJ, Peters JW. An introduction to Ebola: the virus and the disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999; 179(Supplement 1), ix-xvi. (Review Article)
  • This review article comments on the history of Ebola virus up until the Kikwit outbreak, which it covers in great detail. It tells of the exploits of teams of scientists in searching for the routes of transmission, potential reservoirs and sources of therapy/prevention. It also provides an interesting commentary on the struggles of local health systems to contain the outbreak.
  1. Towner, JS et al. Newly discovered ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda. PLoS pathogens 2008; 4(11), e1000212. (Primary Research Article)
  2. Public Health England. Information for healthcare workers: Ebola in pregnancy 18 October 2014 Available:    https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/365184/20141020_PHE_Information_on_Ebola_in_pregnancy_V1_0_2.pdf Date accessed: 30/10/2014 (Information leaflet)
  3. Ebola Editorial: Ebola: Time To Act 9 September 2014 Available: http://www.nature.com/news/ebola-time-to-act-1.15878 Accessed: 30/10/2014 (Review article)
  4. World Health Organisation. Ebola response roadmap situation report. 31/10/2014 Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137424/1/roadmapsitrep_31Oct2014_eng.pdf?ua=1 Accessed: 01/11/2014 (Online WHO article)
  5. House T. Epidemiological outbreaks of Ebola outbreaks. Jha P, editor 2014, 2014-10-17, 13:04:42. (review article)
  6. Althaus CL. Estimating the Reproduction Number of Ebola Virus (EBOV) During the 2014 Outbreak in West Africa. PLOS Currents Outbreaks. 2014 Sep 2. Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.91afb5e0f279e7f29e7056095255b288. (review article)
Pathophysiology
  1. Who.int. WHO | Ebola virus disease [Internet]. 2014 [cited 23 October 2014]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/ (Secondary source: online WHO article)
  2. Kuhn J, Becker S, Ebihara H, Geisbert T, Johnson K, Kawaoka Y et al. Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations. Archives of virology. 2010;155(12):2. (Secondary source: online PubMed Central journal)
  • This journal provided extensive research about virus taxonomy.
  • It was recent in its publication and cited many articles that further guided my research.
  • A weakness was its specificity with regard to the Ebola virus, as many other viruses were discussed in the paper.
  1. Kuhn J, Becker S, Ebihara H, Geisbert T, Johnson K, Kawaoka Y et al. Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations. Archives of virology. 2010;155(12):5. (Secondary source: online PubMed Central journal)
  2. Paessler S, Walker D. Pathogenesis of the viral hemorrhagic fevers. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2013;8:413. (Secondary source: online Annual Reviews journal)
  • This was the most useful paper in my research. It provided a comprehensive review on current research regarding viral haemorrhagic fevers.
  • It cited numerous original research articles, which were also useful for my review.
  1. Feldmann H, Geisbert T. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. The Lancet. 2011;377(9768):851. (Secondary source: online Lancet journal)
  2. Paessler S, Walker D. Pathogenesis of the viral hemorrhagic fevers. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2013;8:414. (Secondary source: online Annual Reviews journal)
  3. Paessler S, Walker D. Pathogenesis of the viral hemorrhagic fevers. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2013;8:412. (Secondary source: online Annual Reviews journal)
  4. Bwaka M, Bonnet M, Calain P, Colebunders R, De Roo A, Guimard Y et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical observations in 103 patients. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179(Supplement 1):3. (Primary source: online journal from the Journal of Infectious Diseases)
  • This journal provided primary information on EHF with regard to an outbreak. It was relevant and informative.
  • It was useful in that it accurately described manifestations of EHF in a human outbreak of Ebola, with strong analysis and testing to diagnose EHF.
  • However a weakness of the journal is that it only looked at 103 cases; a small sample size that does not well reflect the population.
  1. Towner JS, Rollin PE, Bausch DG, et al. Rapid diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever by reverse transcription-PCR in an outbreak setting and assessment of patient viral load as a predictor of outcome. Journal of Virology. Apr 2004;78(8):4330-4341 (Secondary source: online CDC article)
  2. Bausch DG, Towner JS, Dowell SF, et al. Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Nov 15 2007;196 Suppl 2:S142-147. (Secondary source: online CDC article)
  3. Paessler S, Walker D. Pathogenesis of the viral hemorrhagic fevers. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2013;8:418. (Secondary source: online Annual Reviews journal)
  4. Paessler S, Walker D. Pathogenesis of the viral hemorrhagic fevers. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2013;8:416. (Secondary source: online Annual Reviews journal)
  5. Paessler S, Walker D. Pathogenesis of the viral hemorrhagic fevers. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. 2013;8:418-419. (Secondary source: online Annual Reviews journal)
Management
  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Questions and Answers about Experimental Treatments and Vaccines for Ebola. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/qa-experimental-treatments.html (accessed 25 October 2014) [CDC website article]
  • Useful summary document from a reliable source, useful for initially gaining a background to Ebola. It gave a good introduction to treatment and gave some other useful sources to initially expand our knowledge.
  1. BBC. Ebola kills Liberia doctor despite ZMapp treatment. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-28925491 (accessed 26 October 2014) [BBC News article]
  1. Rayner G. British Ebola sufferer William Pooley given experimental drug ZMapp and sitting up in bed. The Telegraph. August 26 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ebola/11057096/British-Ebola-sufferer-William-Pooley-given-experimental-drug-ZMapp-and-sitting-up-in-bed.html (accessed 26 October 2014) [News article]
  1. Lock H. Ebola Outbreak: British survivor William Pooley returns to Sierra Leone to fight the disease. The Independent. October 19 2014. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/british-nurse-who-survived-ebola-will-fly-back-to-sierra-leone-to-fight-the-disease-9804625.html (accessed 27 October 2014) [News article]
  1. Gallacher J. Ebola: Experimental drug ZMapp is ‘100% effective’ in animal trials. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-28980153 (accessed 23 October 2014) [News article]
  1. 6. Olinger G, Pettitt J, Kim D, Working C, Bohorov O, Bratcher B et al. Delayed treatment of Ebola virus infection with plant-derived monoclonal antibodies provides protection in rhesus macaques. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012;109(44):18030–18035. [Primary research paper]
  1. Qiu X, Wong G, Audet J, Bello A, Fernando L, Alimonti J et al. Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp. Nature. 2014;. [Primary research paper]
  • A paper from a study showing that ZMapp could be used to completely cure 100% of rhesus macaques with advanced Ebola virus disease. It is very relevant as ZMapp is a promising new form of treatment, but has a small sample size which may make it unreliable.
  1. Sabin L. Blood transfusion: What is the Ebola treatment – and how does it work? The Independent. October 22 2013. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/blood-transfusion-what-is-the-ebola-treatment–and-how-does-it-work-9809980.html (accessed 24 October 2013) [News article]
  1. Mupapa K, Massamba M, Kibadi K, Kuvula K, Bwaka A, Kipasa M et al. Treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever with blood transfusions from convalescent patients. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179(Supplement 1):18–23. [Primary research paper]
  • Useful paper on blood transfusions in treatment in Ebola, as it is the only primary research paper on this area. It is limited by its very small sample size and lack of controlling other variables, but is still an informative paper.

10. Eleftheriou-Smith L. Ebola Crisis: Why is an infected Texan nurse being treated by blood transfusion, and how does it work? The Independent. October 15 2013. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/ebola-crisis-why-is-an-infected-texan-nurse-being-treated-by-blood-transfusion-and-how-does-it-work-9795641.html (accessed 25 October 2014) [News article]

  • Useful and informative news article which explains the theory behind blood transfusion treatment and shows how it is being used during the current crisis.

11. Bennett S, Langreth R. Ebola outbreak: Blood of survivors could lead to cure, says WHO. The Independent. August 19 2014. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/ebola-outbreak-blood-of-survivors-could-lead-to-cure-says-who-9679449.html (accessed 26 October 2014) [News article]

12. Butler D. Blood transfusion named as priority treatment for Ebola. http://www.nature.com/news/blood-transfusion-named-as-priority-treatment-for-ebola-1.15854 (accessed 25 October 2013) [News article]

13. Bukreyev, A., Rollin, P.E., Tate, M.K. et al. (2007). Successful topical respiratory tract immunization of primates against Ebola virus. Journal of virology 81(12): 6379-6388. (Primary research article)

14. Vanderzanden, L., Bray, M., Fuller, D. et al. (1998). DNA vaccines expressing either the GP or NP genes of Ebola virus protect mice from lethal challenge. Virology 246(1): 134-144. (Primary research article

15. Martin, J.E., Sullivan, N.J., Enama, M.E. et al. (2006). A DNA vaccine for Ebola virus is safe and immunogenic in a phase I clinical trial. Clinical and vaccine immunology 13(11): 1267-1277. (Clinical trial)

16. Ledgerwood, J.E., Costner, P., Desai, N. et al. (2010). A replication defective recombinant Ad5 vaccine expressing Ebola virus GP is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults. Vaccine 29(2): 304-313. (Clinical trial)

  • This was a useful resource as it provided encouraging results in the safety and immunogenicity of an Ebola vaccine on human subjects

17. BBC News Health – Ebola vaccine trial begins. URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-29230157 [Accessed: 27/10/14]. (News article)

18. World Health Organization – Barriers to rapid containment of the Ebola outbreak. URL: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/overview-august-2014/en/ [Accessed: 27/10/14]. (Website article)

  • This article on the WHO website was very interesting as it explained some of their difficulties in trying to prevent and treat the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Coming from a well-known, reliable organisation, their ideas were highly valuable.

19. Chertow, D.S., Kleine, C., Edwards, J.K. et al. (2014). Ebola virus disease in West Africa — clinical manifestations and management [online]. N Engl J Med DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1413084 [Accessed: 6/11/14]. (Perspective article)

20. Medecins Sans Frontieres – Struggling to contain the Ebola epidemic in West Africa. URL: http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news-stories/voice-field/struggling-contain-ebola-epidemic-west-africa [Accessed: 29/10/14]. (Website article)

 

Ebola in the West
  1. Kinsman, J. “A time of fear”: local, national, and international responses to a large Ebola outbreak in Uganda. Globalization and Health. 2012; 8:15. DOI:10.1186/1744-8603-8-15 (accessed 16 October 2014) (online journal article)
  2. Barriers to trust. Nature. 2014; 511(7508):126. DOI: 10.1038/511126a (accessed 16 October 2014) (editorial)
  3. Naish J. Truth about incurable virus that’s just one plane ride from Britain: Experts say statistics show Ebola WILL reach Britain. The Daily Mail. Thursday 31 July 2014. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2711462/Ebola-Q-A-How-no-cure-deadly-disease-statistically-likely-eventually-reach-Britain.html (accessed 17 October 2014) (newspaper article)
  4. Hoft J. SHOCKING: CDC Admits 100-150 People a Day Entering US from Ebola Infected Countries. Weblog.http://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2014/10/shocking-cdc-admits-100-150-people-a-day-entering-us-from-ebola-infected-countries-video/ (accessed 17 October 2014) (online blog)
    • References 2 and 3 are very unreliable due to coming from biased newspaper articles, but we have just used them here to highlight certain news titles rather than for any solid facts.
  5. Gostin L. et al. The Ebola Epidemic – A Global Health Emergency. JAMA. 2014;312(11):1095-1096. DOI:10.1001/jama.2014.11176. (accessed 16 October 2014) (online journal article)
  6. Boseley, S. WHO warns 10,000 new cases of Ebola a week are possible. The Guardian. Tuesday 14 October 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/14/who-new-ebola-cases-world-health-organisation?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2 (accessed 15 October 2014) (newspaper article)
  7. Booth, R. UK to introduce Ebola screening as death of Briton reported in Macedonia. The Guardian. Thursday 9 October 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/09/uk-screening-airports-ebola-symptoms (accessed 12 October 2014) (newspaper article)
  8. Gambino, L. Second Texas nurse with Ebola transferred to special facility. The Guardian. Thursday 16 October 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/15/ebola-second-texas-nurse-transferred-atlanta?CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2 (accessed 16 October 2014) (newspaper article)
    • Although many of these references are news articles instead of cited scientific research papers, due to the current and changing nature of the disease many of the factors discussed are too recent to have papers written on them, meaning we had to get many of our facts from news articles. We have considered this when writing our section though and have tried to ensure we included only facts, or if subjective opinions have been included we have mentioned the possibility of bias within the section.
  9. Ebola: Lessons from SARS, the flu, and HIV/AIDS – Communities Digital News [online]. Available from: http://www.commdiginews.com/health-science/ebola-lessons-from-sars-the-flu-and-hivaids-27549/ [Accessed 11/10/2014] (online article)
  10. Tran, M. What is the risk of Ebola in the UK? The Guardian. Wednesday 8 October 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/08/ebola-what-is-risk-in-uk (accessed 16 October 2014) (newspaper article)
  11. Swaine, J. Ebola crisis: Texas hospital apologises for failures in handling of first patient. The Guardian. Thursday 16 October 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/16/texas-hospital-sorry-ebola-case-errors (accessed 17 October 2014) (newspaper article)
  12. Ebola Outbreak: Cases pass 10,000, WHO Reports – BBC News [online]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29769782 [Accessed 25/10/2014] (news article)
  13. Ebola Outbreak: Nurse Kaci Hickox defies quanantine – BBC News [online]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-29836550 [Accessed 30/10/2014] (news article)
  14. Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report – World Health Organisation [online]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137376/1/roadmapsitrep_29Oct2014_eng.pdf?ua=1 [Accessed 30/10/2014] (situation report)
  15. Fifteen countries are at risk of Ebola outbreak, says WHO – British Medical Journal [online]. Available from: http://www.bmj.com.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/content/349/bmj.g6305 [Accessed 17/10/2014] (online journal article)
  16. Only the military can get the epidemic under control: MSF head – British Medical Journal [online]. Available from: http://www.bmj.com.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/content/349/bmj.g6151 [Accessed 10/10 2014] (online journal article)
  17. Operation Gitrock: first UK army medics fly to Sierra Leone – British Medical Journal [online]. Available from: http://www.bmj.com.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/content/349/bmj.g6237 [Accessed 14/10/2014] (online journal article)
  18. WHO convenes industry leaders and key partners to discuss trials and production of Ebola vaccine – World Health Organisation Media Centre [online]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/ebola-vaccines-production/en/ [Accessed 30/10/2014] (news article)
  19. Rid, A. Emanuel, E.J. Why Should High-Income Countries Help Combat Ebola? JAMA. 2014; 312(13):1297-1298. DOI:10.1001/jama.2014.12869. (accessed 8 October 2014) (online journal article)
    • A clear paper stating the possible reasons high income countries may give money towards combating Ebola. However, although it has many clear references it makes some rather broad statements without giving an example of where this has been shown or why they say it to be true, meaning perhaps the paper may not be fully trustworthy.
  20. The Lancet. Ebola: a failure of international collective action. The Lancet. 2014; 384(9944):637. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61377-5 (accessed 12 October 2014) (online journal article)
  21. Chan, M. Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — No Early End to the Outbreak. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371:1183-1185. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1409859 (accessed 14 October 2014) (online journal article)
  22. Doctor to Patient Ratio in Africa. http://www.africapedia.com/DOCTOR-TO-PATIENT-RATIO-IN-AFRICA (accessed 16 October 2014) (statistics table)
  23. Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. Ebola — Underscoring the Global Disparities in Health Care Resources. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371:1084-1086. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1409494. (accessed 16 October 2014) (online journal article)
    • A good paper outlining the progression of the current Ebola outbreak and the potential influences, though it does broadly state the unlikelihood of the disease spreading further and has only a few references

 

 

I would like to point out that I (John Henderson) have tried multiple times to space out each individual  reference as seen in the above section for “Management”, to improve overall presentation. However, the website is not letting me do this. Please take this into account upon marking. Thanks.